Sport Motivation Scale: A Meta-Analysis. The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) has been widely used in the sport and exercise contexts since its development in 1995. This multilevel meta-analysis aimed to identify the relationship between different types of motivation measured by the SMS and various physical activity outcomes. This study will provide a better understanding of the scope and state of the Sport Motivation Scale. 
 
Self-Determination Theory and Achievement Goal Theory: Motivation is considered essential in up-taking and maintaining behaviors in multiple contexts. Therefore, developing a comprehensive framework that provides a theoretical foundation to explain how motivation relates to behavior is central to organizations and practitioners that aim to promote adaptive outcomes through behavioral change interventions. Two prominent motivational theories in psychology are self-determination theory (SDT) and achievement goal theory (AGT). This meta-analysis proposes a model to explain how goal orientations and motivation relate to behavior.